X-rays are widely used in various fields such as medical imaging and industrial inspection owing to the high penetration power. Although the X-rays are familiar to us, their optical properties are much different from those of visible light such as refraction index of all materials being almost unity. Our laboratory, using highly brilliant synchrotron radiation available at SPring-8, studies novel X-ray imaging methods and their applications to material science based on X-ray diffraction, interference, refraction and other optical phenomenon.